Thursday, December 2, 2010

U.S. Forests Soak Up Carbon Dioxide, but for How Long?

CARBON SEQUESTRATION: U.S. forests soak up 11 percent of U.S. emissions per year, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, but that ability might be compromised by future climate changes.Image: USDA.gov


MISSOULA, Mont.—U.S. forests offset roughly 11 percent of the nation's industrial greenhouse gas emissions, storing "significant amounts" of carbon that would otherwise pollute the atmosphere, according to new government data.


The findings, released last week, estimate the nation's expanding forests sequester an additional 192 million metric tons of carbon annually due to increases in both the total area of forest land and the amount of carbon stored per acre.


That's the equivalent of removing about half the cars on the roads nationwide, or almost 135 million vehicles.


But as emissions increase and the planet warms, that storage capacity could be compromised, scientists warn.


Warmer summers, changing precipitation patterns and a thinning snow pack are already "aridifying" Western forests, University of Montana Professor Steven Running said during a conference here last week. The combination imperils the health of vast swathes of the western landscape, he warned.


"We think of range as having a 'carrying capacity' - you put too many cows on a pasture and they all get skinny because they don't have enough to eat," he said at a meeting of the Society of Environmental Journalists. "It's the same principle for our forests."


In 40 years, for instance, Montana will likely see 5ºF warmer summers on average but receive 10 percent less rainfall, he said. "We're aridifying our forests."


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But for now, the trend in carbon sequestration across the nation is up, according to the U.S. Forest Service data. On average, the agency said, the amount of carbon stored in forestland has increased since 1990.


Wet, temperate conifer forests along the Pacific Coast from Alaska to California store the most carbon - about 93 metric tons of carbon per acre. Arid pinyon-juniper forests of the Southwest store the least - 31 tons of carbon per acre on average.


Forests in the western United States store a greater proportion of carbon in the trees; other areas, such as the Great Lakes, have larger concentrations of peat in the soil, storing more carbon there.


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Understanding those differences - and corresponding climate-induced changes - could have important ramifications as the agency assesses the carbon sequestration potential of the nation's forests, agency officials said.


"Forest management on all lands can contribute significantly toward cooling a warming planet," U.S. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said in a statement. "This new information will assist the public and policy makers as we work to address this significant issue."

DailyClimate.org is a nonprofit news service that covers climate change.

Volatile Organic Compounds May Worsen Allergies and Asthma

ASTHMA TRIGGER: A new study finds that fumes from water-based paints and solvents may make children more likely to suffer allergies or asthma.Image: courtesy Flickr


Children who sleep in bedrooms containing fumes from water-based paints and solvents are two to four times more likely to suffer allergies or asthma, according to a new scientific study.
 
Scientists measured the compounds – propylene glycol and glycol ethers, known as PGEs – in the bedroom air of 400 toddlers and preschoolers, and discovered that the children who breathed them had substantially higher rates of asthma, stuffy noses and eczema.


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It is the first human study to link harmful effects of these chemicals to common exposures in households, and it suggests that they might exacerbate or even cause allergic disorders and asthma, according to the team of scientists from Harvard University and Sweden’s Kalstad University.
 
“Apparent risks of PGEs at such low concentrations at home raise concerns for the vulnerability of infants and young children,” according to the report, published Monday in the journal of the Public Library of Science, PLoS ONE.


The aim of the study was to investigate the health effects of chemicals called volatile organic compounds that are widely used inside homes. The result: Of the hundreds of compounds tested in eight different categories, only one group -- the PGEs - was associated with the children’s allergies and asthma.


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That discovery is particularly surprising, since PGEs are widely used in water-based paints and varnishes, as well as in cleaning fluids such as glass cleaners. They are considered healthier substitutes because they have low volatility, which means they emit less fumes than the high-polluting, oil-based paints and solvents.
 
For several decades, scientists have tried to unravel why allergies and asthma have skyrocketed among children throughout the developed world since the 1970s.
 
Experts suspect that exposure to some environmental factors in the womb or early in life might trigger the disorders. The findings of the new study add to the many theories that have evolved, including ones about other indoor air pollutants, diesel exhaust, viruses and cockroach allergens.



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Michael Laiosa, an assistant professor at the School of Public Health at University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, who studies children’s allergies and immune disorders, called it “a very interesting article and well-conducted study.’’
 
If these findings are confirmed by other studies, “it may be another piece of the puzzle as to why atopic diseases like allergy and asthma are on the rise, particularly in kids,” said isa, who was not involved in the research.
 
“It also is concerning given how ubiquitous these compounds are, particularly at low levels like those found in this study,” he said.
 
The research involved 198 children in Varmland, Sweden, between the ages of 1 and 5, who had asthma or at least two symptoms or wheezing or rhinitis without a cold or eczema in the previous year, as well as 202 children with no symptoms.
 
For children with rhinitis – or nasal allergies – the average PGE concentration in their bedrooms was twice as high as the concentration found in rooms of the children with no symptoms. The higher the dose, the more likely the children were to suffer from rhinitis, asthma, or eczema, even when concentrations were low.


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Children in bedrooms with the highest concentrations were 4.2 times more likely to have rhinitis, twice as likely to have asthma and 2.5 times more likely to have eczema, compared with children with the lowest concentrations in their rooms.
 
High concentrations of the chemicals also doubled their likelihood of testing positive for immunoglobulin E, an antibody that develops when people are exposed to something that inflames their airways. None of the other VOCs led to similar associations.
 
The researchers did not identify the sources of the PGEs in the bedrooms. But children living in a house where at least one room was painted right before or after their birth had 63 percent more PGEs in their room than those whose houses had not been repainted. “Thus, repainting might have provided a sustained exposure since the gestational period or shortly following the birth,” the study said.
 
The airborne compounds can remain inside homes for months, perhaps even years.


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“Overall, the question of long-term airway injury from the glycol ethers and other organic solvent exposure requires clarification,” wrote the scientists.
 
How the glycol compounds might trigger allergies and asthma “is not well understood,” the authors said, but they added that “it has been known for more than three decades” that inhalation of propylene glycol methyl ether irritates nasal passages of people and lab rats.
 
Asthma, eczema and allergies are inflammatory, immune system disorders, so it is possible that the compounds disrupt a baby’s or child’s immune system development. Some of the compounds already are known to alter hormones.
 
“Several glycol ether compounds join a growing list of VOCs that are suggested to contribute to allergic diseases in humans,” the study says. “While several PGEs are well-known endocrine disruptors, very little is known whether and how they influence developing immune systems.”


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Laiosa added that “one of the most interesting aspects for me is that our understanding of how VOCs in general, and PGEs specifically, affect the immune system, is quite limited.”
 
Previous studies of house painters and some adult volunteers exposed to some PGEs have found higher incidence of nose and throat irritation, wheezing and shortness of breath. But the levels found in the children’s bedrooms are “more than 400-fold lower than exposure ranges reported in occupational and experimental settings,” according to the report.
 
“Several lines of evidence support that our findings are not due to a chance or a bias,” the authors reported. For instance, the increase in allergies, eczema and asthma were observed for every rise in exposure, from the lowest-exposed children to the highest-exposed. In addition, it wasn’t driven by any single compound.


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“This suggests that multiple compounds, rather than a single one, contribute to the observed risks,” the report says.
 
A compound called 1-methoxy-2-propanol was the most prevalent glycol ether in the children’s rooms. But because multiple types of PGEs were found in the children’s homes, “we currently cannot distinguish the risks of the individual compounds,” the authors said.
 
In their analysis, the researchers accounted for other factors that might raise the children’s risk, including secondhand smoke, allergies of parents, cleaning with chemical agents, age of the homes, pet allergens and exposure to other indoor chemicals called phthalates.


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Laiosa said that testing for VOCs is tricky, but the researchers “did an admirable job” of identifying the limitations of their study and ensuring the testing methods were reliable.
 
The levels found in the bedrooms were strikingly similar to those found in previous studies of homes in other Scandinavian countries.
 
That finding “is a strength of this work,” Laiosa said. “In other words, I don't think anyone can question the validity that these PGEs are present in the children's bedrooms, even at such low levels. “
 
Many volatile organic compounds have been regulated in recent years to clean up smog. The petroleum-based compounds, found in car exhaust as well as consumer products, react in sunlight with nitrogen oxides to form ozone, the main ingredient of smog.
 
Carl-Gustaf Bornehag , a professor of public health science at  Sweden’s Kalstad University, and John Spengler, an environmental health professor at the Harvard School of Public Health, conceived of and designed the experiments, while the lead author was Harvard’s Hyunok Choi.

Wednesday, December 1, 2010

The Dean of Invention: Segway Mastermind Probes Sci-Tech's Future [Video]

HERE COMES THE DEAN: Dean Kamen is greeted at a "Dean of Invention" promotional event in Brooklyn, N.Y., by Sico, a two-meter-tall robot made by International Robotics.Image: © LARRY GREENEMEIER/SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN


Ask a random person on the street to name his or her five favorite scientists, chances are you would hear a litany of familiar names—perhaps Marie Curie, Albert Einstein or Louis Pasteur—all of them instrumental in casting the world in which we live. Much less likely would be a recital of contemporary researchers hard at work shaping the work in which we will live.


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If inventor and entrepreneur Dean Kamen has his way, the names of some of these architects of the future will roll off the tongue just as easily as those of the giants of the past after the premiere of his new television program—aptly named "Dean of Invention"—later this week.

The show, which debuts October 22 at 10 P.M. Eastern time on Discovery Channel's Planet Green, follows Kamen and co-host Joanne Colan as they travel the world in search of new developments in a variety of fields, including biotech, energy, genomics, nanotech and robotics. At each stop the viewer has the opportunity to meet the people under the lab coats as Kamen and Colan ask the researchers to explain the methodologies, failures and breakthroughs that have defined their work.


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The show's goal is to convince the viewing public that science, technology, invention and engineering are in fact "fun, cool, accessible, rewarding, important," says Kamen, who is perhaps best known as the inventor of the Segway personal transporter. "Too often in our culture we seem to believe that science and technology are important, but it's for those weird, special people that are willing to dedicate themselves like monks, going off into a laboratory to cure our diseases and solve our problems."

The key to encouraging young people to pursue science and engineering is to bring not just the science and technology to life, but the people behind this work as well, says Kamen, whose other projects include FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology), a program he created in 1989 to get kids interested in science, technology and engineering.

With so many different areas of science and technology to choose from, Colan says the show opted to create episodes around hot-button issues including aviation, bionics and mobility and waste management as well as more obscure topics including regenerative medicine and brain-to-computer interfaces. Meeting the researchers in person humanizes their work, says Colan, who hosted the popular video blog Rocketboom from 2006 to 2009, adding, "It provides insight when you realize how hard people work behind closed doors—in machine shops or in laboratories—when they're committed to a vision."
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This week's episode focuses on developments in "microbot technology," or efforts to create tiny machines that may someday heal the human body without the need for surgery. The episode begins with Colan visiting the lab of Brad Kratochvil at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, where he and his team are developing miniature robots powered by magnets. Kratochvil describes how these microbots might someday be injected into the eye to perform high-precision retinal repairs without invasive surgery.

Kamen praises Kratochvil's work but then points to some of the challenges the technology may face moving forward, for example the fact that magnetism is effective over only short distances. This takes Kamen to the show's second segment, where he meets with researchers Sylvain Martel and Evan Shechter at Montréal Polytechnic School, who use MRI magnets to steer microbots (30 times smaller than Kratochvil's) designed to move throughout the body's circulatory system. When placed in the vicinity of a cancerous tumor, these tiny delivery robots would release a payload of cancer-fighting medicine.


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Noting that many cancers are not localized in individual tumors but instead spread throughout the body, Kamen spends the show's third and final segment interviewing Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) scientists Sangeeta Bhatia and Geoffrey von Maltzahn, who more recently joined venture capital firm Flagship Ventures. Von Maltzahn and Bhatia are developing ways to use nanobots nearly 500 times smaller than Montréal Polytechnic's microbots that can find their way to cancerous tumors without needing to be guided from outside the body.

Kamen hopes that his program can showcase science and engineering in a way that convinces kids to devote some of their time, energy and passion to learning math, physics and analytic skills. "If they do, this country may be able to sustain itself as a world leader" in areas such as innovation, wealth creation and standard of living, he says. "If we don't manage to turn this generation into a group of people that want to lead the world in innovation, I think it's very unlikely that the U.S. will retain its world-class position."

Wednesday, November 3, 2010

The ultimate Pontiac G8-just add a Z06 engine

Aussie tuner will GM, PunchFrom of the December 2007 issue of motor trend HSV GTS Front Profile View my, as are the badges. This black Holden Commodore someone else on the road is a regular HSV GTS, the 6.0-liter V-8-sport sedan of GM's Australian hot shop, built Holden special vehicles (HSV). With 20-inch wheels, big brakes, and tied-down suspension HSV GTS previews of the 425 hp Pontiac G8 GXP we here sometime will see in the late 2008.Under of Hood, though, is a little secret-a 7.0 L 505 hp LS7 V 8 directly lifted from the Corvette Z06. Yup, it's basically screws directly into. And an outsider, the operation to do, the GM has to run many Aussie Musclecar enthusiasts have been waiting for. The work done vehicles (CSV) in Melbourne, Australia, a tuner with no small amount of experience in turning was of Corsa specialized some evil Commodore-based stories in the last 15 years or so .we have the car dangers: run it down drag strip, peak hour traffic and out in the country, so can attest that the engineering, the finish and most all performance beautiful work. All it is needed a new badge now.HSV GTS Engine Worth just hunting cut and talk about the acceleration. There is a six-speed automatic transmission involved but experience on the road suggests that, even with gummierter-Up track surface, traction of the line is not only difficult, it is almost not existent. The LS7 show lb-ft, Chevrolet numbers grunt, 470 but in this example, with a better feed intake and exhaust system certainly produced even more so, a couple of standard do, 20 Bridgestone tyres have if the chance is that the lot in Wrath Unleashed? Holden's traction and stability control is left to sort it out. Load up the torque converter, then... Wham! The GTS stutter a bit on the software, then hook and catapults down the track. A few seconds manual that shift the 6L80E transfer seems to work best, but there scratching head if the first-to-second circuit of the Rev limiter, is how the shift software finds it difficult to match the rapid escalation in lean operation. The answer is it in drive for the first layer, then change goals for the manual shift in the third and fourth to leave with approximately 6500 of the available 7,200 rpm. Work that much from, and each version is repeatable and trouble free last like that.HSV GTS At Track Results? Pretty spectacular for a sedan of less than half of the price of equivalent muscle from Germany. 0-62 Mph is 4.89 seconds; The standing 400 metres (14 ft short by one quarter mile) takes 12.90 seconds at terminal 116.2 mph. But then there are to consider some other numbers. The standing 125 mph-- achieve a speed are few cars able, in less than 500 metering-14.7 seconds, and the 7.0 litre GTS is still hard drag. But then there is the elasticity is the offered to all the torque. Click increment is demolished in third gear that pass 50-75 mph in 3.2 seconds, but in the sixth (the car's manual shift mode allows no Kick-Down) the same speed range is covered in 7.3 seconds.LS7 Engine CSV Shop Sum up: a budget BMW 5-series. Seriously.Motor trend assessment: 4 Stars True Car Price Finder

Stasis engineering to 710 hp Audi R8 Spyder reveal at the SEMA show

27 October 2010 at 1: 22 pm by Jake Holmes

Audi's first SEMA booth is a R8 5.2 Spyder massaged by rigid engineering Funktion.Das car is officially known as the rigid signature series challenge-extreme-Edition-R8 and therefore has more syllables as cylinders.

Stasis a roots type Compressor installed 7.5 blowing psi boost reprogrammed in V-10 engine management computer and a low restriction, stainless steel exhaust system that claimed 30 pounds lighter than stock is added. The result is 710 HP and 523 lb-ft torque, large increases the 525 HP and 5.2-Liter-V-10 served by the camp 391 lb-ft.

In addition the rigid R8 results lightweight, 20-inch wheels with tyres Michelin pilot sport PS2 forged and 15, 4-inch diameter front brake discs (trim versus 14.4 inch Creative Commons).There are stiffer springs at every turn, and new stabilizers front and rear;Car DriveSelect adjustable cushioning system remains functional.

The company claims of the modified R8 Spyder can hit 60 mph in 3.1 seconds and 1.01 g of lateral grip on a Skidpad to erreichen.Das entire kit as shown at SEMA costs $49, 990; the engine options alone are about $10 k of less ausgeführt.Wenn at one of the 50 stasis certified Audi country installed dealers, it even comes with a four year/50,000 mile warranty.

2010-SEMA-Show-Click-Here-For-Full-Coverage

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2011 Hyundai Sonata SE 2.0T counter balance - short take road test

October 20, 2009 at 2: 43 pm by Tony Swan

2011 Hyundai Sonata SE 2.0T

Who needs a V6?

In our may issue, we complained that is a new Hyundai Sonata V6 engine option ["virtually chic"] fehlt.Das are still lacking occurs, but most of our complain the Sonata's performance version has stopped. system spreads 1998 cc on only four cylinders by a new direct-injection fed and enhanced by a new twin-scroll turbocharger.

Keep reading: 2011 Hyundai Sonata SE 2.0T counter balance - take road quick test

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Tuesday, November 2, 2010